{"id":312,"date":"2016-05-19T12:20:16","date_gmt":"2016-05-19T11:20:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/preprod.monsieurbak.com\/clients\/icco\/?page_id=312"},"modified":"2023-05-12T11:11:48","modified_gmt":"2023-05-12T09:11:48","slug":"pests-diseases","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.icco.org\/pests-diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"Pests &#038; Diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-d6u7ff-133b4197bae674c9106af12fa4887267\">\n.avia-section.av-d6u7ff-133b4197bae674c9106af12fa4887267 .av-section-color-overlay{\nopacity:0.3;\nbackground-image:url(http:\/\/icco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/cocoa-pattern-2.png);\nbackground-repeat:repeat;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-d6u7ff-133b4197bae674c9106af12fa4887267 main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  avia-bg-style-scroll av-section-color-overlay-active av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-custom av-height-custom  container_wrap sidebar_right'   data-av_minimum_height_px='200'><div class=\"av-section-color-overlay-wrap\"><div class=\"av-section-color-overlay\"><\/div><div class='container av-section-cont-open' style='height:200px'><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-312'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k257ygxd-affd26951e8ab8540b1ded368b8b5dcf\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-k257ygxd-affd26951e8ab8540b1ded368b8b5dcf{\npadding-bottom:10px;\ncolor:#622812;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-k257ygxd-affd26951e8ab8540b1ded368b8b5dcf .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-k257ygxd-affd26951e8ab8540b1ded368b8b5dcf .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#622812;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-k257ygxd-affd26951e8ab8540b1ded368b8b5dcf .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-k257ygxd-affd26951e8ab8540b1ded368b8b5dcf av-special-heading-h1 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-1  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Pests <span class='special_amp'>&amp;<\/span> Diseases<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-csa803-611f562483c0f279ca7842af244a45df main_color avia-section-large avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-312'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-coqzr7-8bec193ca2a80b3c09f5c635d454dc0c sc-av_one_full av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-coqzr7-8bec193ca2a80b3c09f5c635d454dc0c\">\n.flex_column.av-coqzr7-8bec193ca2a80b3c09f5c635d454dc0c{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-coqzr7-8bec193ca2a80b3c09f5c635d454dc0c av_one_full  avia-builder-el-3  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-28fjfs-0763f8b01de9d4058963c99fab90f9f5\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-28fjfs-0763f8b01de9d4058963c99fab90f9f5{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-28fjfs-0763f8b01de9d4058963c99fab90f9f5 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-28fjfs-0763f8b01de9d4058963c99fab90f9f5 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-28fjfs-0763f8b01de9d4058963c99fab90f9f5 av-special-heading-h2  avia-builder-el-4  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >DISEASES<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-18f1t7-acd0749f99a617a9c97266060aa79f92 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cocoa is affected by a range of pests and diseases, with some estimates putting losses as high as 30% to 40% of global production.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k259i60v-085438a4ca1248d459731abf198e756b\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-k259i60v-085438a4ca1248d459731abf198e756b{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-k259i60v-085438a4ca1248d459731abf198e756b hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-c1tjpf-0abd2dfd4a558d7e9f82f284e39e44f9 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c1tjpf-0abd2dfd4a558d7e9f82f284e39e44f9\">\n.flex_column.av-c1tjpf-0abd2dfd4a558d7e9f82f284e39e44f9{\nborder-width:1px;\nborder-color:#83a846;\nborder-style:solid;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:20px 20px 20px 20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-c1tjpf-0abd2dfd4a558d7e9f82f284e39e44f9 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-animated-generic fade-in  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-23zky8-fbcf57baf73d8e92380fb4fbc61e8c0a\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-23zky8-fbcf57baf73d8e92380fb4fbc61e8c0a{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-23zky8-fbcf57baf73d8e92380fb4fbc61e8c0a .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-23zky8-fbcf57baf73d8e92380fb4fbc61e8c0a .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-23zky8-fbcf57baf73d8e92380fb4fbc61e8c0a av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-8  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Witches\u00b4 Broom<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c503xn-ce24e05c23ec51db7704d8e2a971290b\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-c503xn-ce24e05c23ec51db7704d8e2a971290b{\nheight:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-c503xn-ce24e05c23ec51db7704d8e2a971290b hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_toggle_container '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-k2584p1r-b83bac1e8f518bd81c59c56d2a1c63bd  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1gf1vs-6fcd9614cd2a255ba8e878d87ccee1cb'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-1' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-1' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-1' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"History, distribution and impact\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: History, distribution and impact\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: History, distribution and impact\">History, distribution and impact<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-1' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-1' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Moniliophthora perniciosa is a fungus responsible for Witches&#8217; Broom disease. During the last century the fungus spread throughout all of South America, Panama and the Caribbean, causing great losses in production. The most visible effect can be seen in Brazil where the introduction of the disease in the region of Bahia caused a decrease in production of almost 70% during a period of 10 years.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-18x7dk-4b727337292379d59b544135fa863a48'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-2' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-2' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-2' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Disease symptoms\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Disease symptoms\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Disease symptoms\">Disease symptoms<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-2' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-2' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The fungus attacks only actively growing tissue (shoots, flowers and pods) causing cocoa trees to produce branches with no fruit and ineffective leaves. The pods show distortion and present green patches that give the appearance of uneven ripening.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-10fyy8-4c0f4c4e56434bce0233ad9f14f69a7a'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-3' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-3' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-3' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Epidemiology\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Epidemiology\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Epidemiology\">Epidemiology<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-3' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-3' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The life cycle of the fungus is synchronized with the phenology of the host. One of the most influential factors for the adequate reproduction of the fungus is water. Basidiospores are released at night and are related to the level of humidity (=80%) and favourable temperature (20-30\u00baC). The spores are capable of being disseminated locally by water and convection currents and over long distances by wind.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-vol74-14207846ae7a47f897087dae0a50d4c4'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-4' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-4' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-4' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Quarantine\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Quarantine\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Quarantine\">Quarantine<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-4' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-4' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Basidiospores have a short viability period and are sensitive to light and drying but are produced in vast numbers (each basidiocarp can produce 2-3.5 million spores). Humans are considered the crucial factor in long-distance dissemination. The pathogen is also spread in infected seeds or budwood.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-udnds-79fd7b9c367e6cf9993ffef851a51335'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-5' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-5' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-5' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Disease resistance\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Disease resistance\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Disease resistance\">Disease resistance<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-5' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-5' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Host resistance is recommended as the best option for economic and sustainable control. During the 1930s, selections were identified showing resistance in Trinidad. As a result, Trinidad Selected Hybrids were developed and widely planted during the 1950s. However, more aggressive strains of the pathogen in other countries made these selections ineffective. CEPLAC (Brazil) is currently working on new molecular techniques such as genetic linkage maps and quantitative trait loci to develop new resistant varieties.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-q912o-c17a45ae7c23a834bdf41cbb775081e3'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-6' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-6' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-6' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Fungicides\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Fungicides\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Fungicides\">Fungicides<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-6' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-6' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Various fungicides have been tested showing various results. New compounds and chemicals, which activate the host plant&#8217;s defences, may offer a more effective and economical control.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-neg68-f13cc01592d42d26fc8d18364029bf40'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-7' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-7' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-7' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Cultural practices\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Cultural practices\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Cultural practices\">Cultural practices<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-7' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-7' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Phytosanitary pruning is the only effective means of control of Witches&#8217; Broom. Complete removal of all infected material is advocated, but it is an impossible task because hidden inoculum sources always remain.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-e3f7s-7c7f0d8fcf01fece55649287f0a5d04d'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-8' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-8' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-8' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Prospects\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Prospects\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Prospects\">Prospects<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-8' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-8' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The new techniques developed in the project financed by ICCO\/CFC in cooperation with international institutions identified individuals with accumulated genes leading to reliable resistance to the disease. The information evaluated during the project was more precise and scientists were able to produce more resistant varieties than expected at the beginning of the project. The first impact of the project outcome can be seen in Brazil, where the cocoa industry has re-gained confidence and production has been increased significantly<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c1tjpf-19-1330eca363bcce8cacd307445e451b03\">\n.flex_column.av-c1tjpf-19-1330eca363bcce8cacd307445e451b03{\nborder-width:1px;\nborder-color:#83a846;\nborder-style:solid;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:20px 20px 20px 20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-c1tjpf-19-1330eca363bcce8cacd307445e451b03 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-animated-generic fade-in  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1vr10w-c00c847d5712e785fa5c8641b27ab79a\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-1vr10w-c00c847d5712e785fa5c8641b27ab79a{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-1vr10w-c00c847d5712e785fa5c8641b27ab79a .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1vr10w-c00c847d5712e785fa5c8641b27ab79a .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-1vr10w-c00c847d5712e785fa5c8641b27ab79a av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-12  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Frosty pod Rot<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c503xn-18-d69e59612513f8b2e19aad9e760e463c\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-c503xn-18-d69e59612513f8b2e19aad9e760e463c{\nheight:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-c503xn-18-d69e59612513f8b2e19aad9e760e463c hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_toggle_container '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-k2584p1r-17-8c60b32c074a88143580ed2f1c5bbc03  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-170dr4-0534a466aa3606e743f92ffb7799d444'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-9' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-9' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-9' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"History, distribution and impact\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: History, distribution and impact\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: History, distribution and impact\">History, distribution and impact<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-9' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-9' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"tabber_item_3_|302|-1\" class=\"tabber_item tabber_count_1 tabber_item_active\">\n<p>Frosty Pod Rot is caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri. It is found in all north-western countries in South America. First reports of the disease date back to the end of the 19th century, where its aggressive effects caused devastation in Colombian and Ecuadorian cocoa plantations. The fungus has now spread all over the Latin American region, causing significant losses in production, even resulting in the abandonment of cocoa farms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-10wwio-fe7a81cd8e7d41aa2729e9b06869846f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-10' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-10' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-10' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Disease symptoms\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Disease symptoms\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Disease symptoms\">Disease symptoms<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-10' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-10' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The fungus infects only actively growing pod tissues, especially young pods. The time from infection to the appearance of symptoms is about 1-3 months. The most outstanding symptom is the white fungal mat on the pod surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-372zk-85c3587a36db652b3436645755d4eb2f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-11' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-11' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-11' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Epidemiology\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Epidemiology\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Epidemiology\">Epidemiology<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-11' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-11' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The large amount of spores produced (44 million spores per cm2) and the genetic variability endows the fungus with considerable adaptability. The dry, powdery form of spores allows the fungus to be dislodged by water, wind or physical disturbance of the pod. Disease incidence varies with cultivar, pod age and rainfall. Generally the greatest production is when rainfall is high.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-sg0fs-0f6bf214292910504b6f8e36831ce19e'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-12' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-12' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-12' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Quarantine\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Quarantine\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Quarantine\">Quarantine<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-12' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-12' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Since spores are the only means of infection, all materials used must go through intermediate quarantine facilities. Application of fungicides is required when using seeds for reproduction as well as when treating budwood.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-ihru0-a96c7b92c00ea42cb4ecfc2ef2af6c30'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-13' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-13' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-13' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Disease resistance\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Disease resistance\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Disease resistance\">Disease resistance<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-13' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-13' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>All cocoa species seem to be susceptible to this disease. Some varieties have shown a degree of resistance and field screening has identified clones with low disease severity and incidence. Genotypes which produce their pods during the dry season (unfavourable for the pathogen) escape the disease.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-d8pi8-0f85c0c986d46e35da8ee9c1852d5578'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-14' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-14' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-14' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Fungicides\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Fungicides\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Fungicides\">Fungicides<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-14' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-14' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"tabber_item_4_|385|-2\" class=\"tabber_item tabber_count_2 \">\n<p>The use of copper and organic protectors has proved to reduce the incidence of the disease. Systematic fungicides such as Flutolanil have been found effective, although the use of agrochemicals is not economically sustainable in view of the low prices of cocoa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-8n768-86b1dffa9b619252be3d1b0893bc08f7'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-15' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-15' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-15' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Cultural practices\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Cultural practices\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Cultural practices\">Cultural practices<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-15' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-15' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"tabber_item_4_|385|-2\" class=\"tabber_item tabber_count_2 \">\n<p>Crop sanitation involving the removal of infested pods is the main method of control of the disease. This activity has to be done with extreme care due to the fact that healthy pods can be infected during the process.<br \/>\nProspects<\/p>\n<p>Frosty Pod accounts for about 5% of total annual crop loss. The socio-economic impact of the disease in Latin America could be enormous as many farmers rely on the cocoa crop as a source of income. The use of copper fungicides will continue to be the most common control measure for the disease in the short term. A more integrated management strategy using biocontrol agents and resistant planting material is envisaged in the future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_3'  class='avia-section av-csa803-22-0934c944a4abfd0d3dc796143a9517f6 main_color avia-section-small avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-312'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-c1tjpf-16-755c16cc2678d415b7c8e452dc053948 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c1tjpf-16-755c16cc2678d415b7c8e452dc053948\">\n.flex_column.av-c1tjpf-16-755c16cc2678d415b7c8e452dc053948{\nborder-width:1px;\nborder-color:#83a846;\nborder-style:solid;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:20px 20px 20px 20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-c1tjpf-16-755c16cc2678d415b7c8e452dc053948 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-16  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-animated-generic fade-in  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5keqw-f406b0ecd87877a5d6ab34d33aacb2c5\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-5keqw-f406b0ecd87877a5d6ab34d33aacb2c5{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-5keqw-f406b0ecd87877a5d6ab34d33aacb2c5 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-5keqw-f406b0ecd87877a5d6ab34d33aacb2c5 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-5keqw-f406b0ecd87877a5d6ab34d33aacb2c5 av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-17  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Phytophthora pod rot<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c503xn-15-c47e235fd21ea0fa3b68453dbbf2fe3c\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-c503xn-15-c47e235fd21ea0fa3b68453dbbf2fe3c{\nheight:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-c503xn-15-c47e235fd21ea0fa3b68453dbbf2fe3c hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_toggle_container '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-k2584p1r-14-6664b80ed95c682daa3448b891fb5c7a  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-32irkw-cc481d39d1b111ff234aabec5e8e0f15'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-16' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-16' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-16' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"History, distribution and impact\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: History, distribution and impact\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: History, distribution and impact\">History, distribution and impact<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-16' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-16' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Pod Rot, also know as Black Pod, is caused by the fungus Phytophthora spp. Three fungal species of the same genus are responsible &#8211; P. palmivora, P. megakarya and P. capsici. The P. palmivora causes global yield loss of 20-30% and tree deaths of 10% annually. P. megakarya is the most important pathogen in Central and West Africa, known as the most aggressive of the Pod Rot pathogens. P. capsici is widespread in Central and South America, causing significant losses in favourable environments.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-2ul568-8d55a9e0d43711a66c2c9c927fbe0c3d'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-17' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-17' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-17' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Disease symptoms\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Disease symptoms\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Disease symptoms\">Disease symptoms<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-17' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-17' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Obvious symptoms are the rotting or necrosis of pods. Pods can be attacked at any stage of development, and the initial symptoms are small, hard, dark spots on any part of the pod. Internal tissues, including the beans, are colonized and shrivel to form a mummified pod.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-2p8v3s-4a96a4b3dcb194a685d7aaca991d483e'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-18' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-18' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-18' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Epidemiology\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Epidemiology\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Epidemiology\">Epidemiology<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-18' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-18' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Under humid conditions a single mummified pod infected with P. palmivora can produce up to 4 million sporangia which can be disseminated by rain, ants, flying insects, rodents, bats and contaminated pruning material. In the case of P. megakarya, sporulation is usually more abundant. The soil borne phase of the P. megakarya disease cycle causes root infection maintaining a reservoir of inoculum that releases zoospores into the soil surface water. P. megakarya does not survive in mummified pods but can survive in infected debris for at least 18 months, while P. palmivora survives less than 10 months in the soil.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-2iw62w-12d5262da50b629fc83798d0978da19c'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-19' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-19' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-19' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Quarantine\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Quarantine\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Quarantine\">Quarantine<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-19' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-19' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Efforts are being held to prevent the movement of P. megakarya from West Africa to other cocoa growing regions. Cocoa germplasm should go through intermediate quarantine facilities when multi-breeding projects are developed.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-2f23eg-4bcb5e798172ec6dfa6d462934cdf66d'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-20' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-20' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-20' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Disease resistance\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Disease resistance\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Disease resistance\">Disease resistance<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-20' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-20' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Breeding for resistance offers the best long-term management strategy. Reliable screens for resistance are been developed and DNA markers could aid breeding programmes. Another approach is to seek out healthy individual trees among the great diversity of genotypes on farms under high natural disease pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-296f14-6ac2c30dae548b29216ec20c990c2eef'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-21' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-21' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-21' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Fungicides\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Fungicides\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Fungicides\">Fungicides<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-21' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-21' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Protectant sprays of copper based fungicides, combined with the systematic fungicide metalaxyl under high disease pressure, at three or four weekly intervals are frequently recommended. Some controls involving the injection of the trunk with cheap inorganic salt and potassium phosphonate have proven to be effective against P. palmivora in some producing regions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-203sjk-6e4863efa4f37a58321cb21969a964f7'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-22' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-22' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-22' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Cultural practices\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Cultural practices\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Cultural practices\">Cultural practices<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-22' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-22' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Modification of farm management practices to optimize shade and aeration through appropriate spacing and pruning to reduce surface wetness should be effective. Frequent and complete harvesting, sanitation and appropriate disposal of pod mummies, infected pods and pod husks can reduce the disease.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-6y6ew-33b355d8271fb6c82a51b427f269f5cd'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-23' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-23' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-23' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Prospects\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Prospects\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Prospects\">Prospects<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-23' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-23' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Understanding how to achieve and maintain healthy soils on cocoa farms is fundamental to sustaining higher yields and lower levels of disease. A healthy soil is one that contains high organic matter and plant nutrient content, abundant and diverse microbial activity, good drainage and physical structure. Cultural practices are useless against P. megakarya, therefore many farms have been abandoned in West Africa. An integrated global breeding programme is in progress to identify potential sources of resistance and other options for management.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c1tjpf-13-bb19406fea1fd4c85b1ec4b839d69685\">\n.flex_column.av-c1tjpf-13-bb19406fea1fd4c85b1ec4b839d69685{\nborder-width:1px;\nborder-color:#83a846;\nborder-style:solid;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:20px 20px 20px 20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-c1tjpf-13-bb19406fea1fd4c85b1ec4b839d69685 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-20  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-animated-generic fade-in  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1cvv6g-cae1a02e26991bdf5fc25bf6b5e3c475\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-1cvv6g-cae1a02e26991bdf5fc25bf6b5e3c475{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-1cvv6g-cae1a02e26991bdf5fc25bf6b5e3c475 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1cvv6g-cae1a02e26991bdf5fc25bf6b5e3c475 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-1cvv6g-cae1a02e26991bdf5fc25bf6b5e3c475 av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-21  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Vascular-streak dieback (VSD)<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c503xn-12-a7e32f1f766db1fe7e6bf7719267cf78\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-c503xn-12-a7e32f1f766db1fe7e6bf7719267cf78{\nheight:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-c503xn-12-a7e32f1f766db1fe7e6bf7719267cf78 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-22  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_toggle_container '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-k2584p1r-11-b77173e4bd32c3c5ecd5d1400ae6a082  avia-builder-el-23  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1s2m1s-01d88165846407bd81911bbe9655849b'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-24' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-24' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-24' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"History, distribution and impact\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: History, distribution and impact\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: History, distribution and impact\">History, distribution and impact<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-24' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-24' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"tabber_item_3_|302|-1\" class=\"tabber_item tabber_count_1 tabber_item_active\">\n<p>This disease is caused by the fungus known as Oncobasidium theobroma. It was first distinguished in the 1960s in Papua New Guinea when it caused heavy losses of trees in mature plantations. The disease has spread ever since and is found in South East Asia, causing major losses in large commercial plantations in Malaysia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1k1wj4-88f848aa9e55717b30ce391895bca289'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-25' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-25' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-25' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Disease symptoms\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Disease symptoms\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Disease symptoms\">Disease symptoms<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-25' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-25' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The initial characteristic symptoms are the chlorosis of one leaf on the second or third flush behind the tip. The fungus may spread internally to other branches or the trunk, usually causing death of the tree. When an infected leaf falls during the rainy season, hyphea may emerge from the leaf scar and develop into a basidiocarp, evident as a white, flat, velvety coating over the leaf scar and adjacent bark.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1gizuw-c02f702218de89f6ff673080527b970e'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-26' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-26' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-26' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Epidemiology\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Epidemiology\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Epidemiology\">Epidemiology<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-26' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-26' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The formation and forcible discharge of basidiospores occurs mainly at night. The spores are dispersed by wind although effective spore dispersal is limited by high humidity. The basidiocarps only develop when leaf fall occurs during wet weather. They have a short life-span and release spores only at night and when the basidiocarps are sufficiently moist.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-16otuw-9af5e400bf2ff4d99154928b5b079af9'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-27' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-27' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-27' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Quarantine\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Quarantine\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Quarantine\">Quarantine<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-27' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-27' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Quarantine measures to restrict transport of the fungus by humans are crucial in reducing inter-regional spread of the disease. Transmission of the disease through fermented and dried seeds has not been demonstrated.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-14bql4-528d66159b4515287f4ffca3278b84cf'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-28' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-28' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-28' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Disease resistance\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Disease resistance\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Disease resistance\">Disease resistance<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-28' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-28' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Selection for a degree of resistance to the disease of survivor plants from Papua New Guinea has been identified and used for propagation. The use of resistant material brought from various regions produces resistant hybrids that are been distributed in Papua New Guinea. Resistant types still become infected but at lower levels and the pathogen grows more slowly. The resistance has been sustained and lasted from 1963 to the present time.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-uj3dc-46c48091d71ea2b4d9ed739d05e31760'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-29' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-29' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-29' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Fungicides\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Fungicides\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Fungicides\">Fungicides<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-29' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-29' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"tabber_item_4_|385|-2\" class=\"tabber_item tabber_count_2 \">\n<p>Protective fungicides are unlikely to be effective against this disease since infection occurs mainly during the wet season and thus the product is washed away. The systematic fungicide propiconazole painted on the stems of young seedlings or applied as a spray was effective in nursery conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-tabhk-3fb17e6ace1a817403029cf46660a1df'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-30' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-30' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-30' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Cultural practices\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Cultural practices\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Cultural practices\">Cultural practices<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-30' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-30' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"tabber_item_4_|385|-2\" class=\"tabber_item tabber_count_2 \">\n<p>Pruning diseased material about 30cm below the discoloured xylem prevents further expansion of infection and reduces inoculum levels. Opening the canopy and control of shading to increase aeration and insolation of the foliage are important. The raising of planting material under plastic cover and away from infected plantations ensures that the material used for reproduction will be disease-free.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-2di68-f2bb39ff99e2f056d526db2bb682e112'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-31' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-31' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-31' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Prospects\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Prospects\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Prospects\">Prospects<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-31' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-31' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"tabber_item_4_|385|-2\" class=\"tabber_item tabber_count_2 \">\n<p>The integrated management techniques developed in South East Asia have proved to be a useful tool to control VSD. There has been an upsurge in the incidence of VSD in Papua New Guinea due to the wetter conditions of recent years. The introduction of hybrid cocoa, including the Upper Amazon and Trinitario germplasm, has resulted in a great genetic diversity in the region which has proved to have considerate levels of resistance.<\/p>\n<p>In order to control the effect of the pests and diseases described above, a project entitled &#8220;Cocoa Germplasm and Conservation: a Global Approach&#8221; was developed by IPGRI and implemented in 10 cocoa producing countries across the world under the supervision of ICCO and with main financing from CFC. The aim of the project was to develop and distribute improved cocoa varieties that would be resistant to pests and diseases and produce high yields, leading to sustainable cocoa production.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_4'  class='avia-section av-avo88z-33e53dc197a323496083056667a75d7b alternate_color avia-section-large avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-24  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-312'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-coqzr7-21-57aca7ebf2407e0ee070bcfe485d4066\">\n.flex_column.av-coqzr7-21-57aca7ebf2407e0ee070bcfe485d4066{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-coqzr7-21-57aca7ebf2407e0ee070bcfe485d4066 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-25  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1ragxk-2bbd2f7ef2962d53631a845ee630ca75\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-1ragxk-2bbd2f7ef2962d53631a845ee630ca75{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-1ragxk-2bbd2f7ef2962d53631a845ee630ca75 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1ragxk-2bbd2f7ef2962d53631a845ee630ca75 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-1ragxk-2bbd2f7ef2962d53631a845ee630ca75 av-special-heading-h2  avia-builder-el-26  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >INSECT PESTS<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k259i60v-20-4518d1700fab9b47d2bf3796ce153907\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-k259i60v-20-4518d1700fab9b47d2bf3796ce153907{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-k259i60v-20-4518d1700fab9b47d2bf3796ce153907 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-27  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-apgs9n-dd9d79aaa0b097755bf708fd842ca548 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-apgs9n-dd9d79aaa0b097755bf708fd842ca548\">\n.flex_column.av-apgs9n-dd9d79aaa0b097755bf708fd842ca548{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-apgs9n-dd9d79aaa0b097755bf708fd842ca548 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-28  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1i87k8-b7d93c094aa7dcedc876d7151a0a6bb7\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-1i87k8-b7d93c094aa7dcedc876d7151a0a6bb7{\npadding-bottom:10px;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-1i87k8-b7d93c094aa7dcedc876d7151a0a6bb7 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1i87k8-b7d93c094aa7dcedc876d7151a0a6bb7 .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#ffffff;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1i87k8-b7d93c094aa7dcedc876d7151a0a6bb7 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-1i87k8-b7d93c094aa7dcedc876d7151a0a6bb7 av-special-heading-h2 custom-color-heading  avia-builder-el-29  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Mirids<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-k2584p1r-10-034463678d3583568b73b4941d96b28b  avia-builder-el-30  el_after_av_heading  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1a3g7k-969f3f66e395ff27455146e959dc35a3'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-32' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-32' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-32' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"History, distribution and impact\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: History, distribution and impact\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: History, distribution and impact\">History, distribution and impact<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-32' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-32' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Mirids are the major insects that affect cocoa worldwide. In Ghana, cocoa mirids have been recognized as a serious pest since 1908 due to their devastating effect. The most common species in Ghana and West African countries are Distantiella theobroma and Sahlbergella singularis. In South-East Asia the Helopeltis spp. is responsible for the damage related to mirids while Monalonion species are present in South and Central America. Mirid damage alone, if left unattended for three years, can reduce yields by as much as 75%.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-14fhm8-ab596811cf3e23465f7a2385bc3a39dc'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-33' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-33' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-33' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Symptoms, biology and ecology\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Symptoms, biology and ecology\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Symptoms, biology and ecology\">Symptoms, biology and ecology<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-33' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-33' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cocoa mirids pierce the surface of cocoa stems, branches and pods, killing the penetrated host cells and producing unsightly necrotic lesions. Mirids feeding on shoots often result in the death of terminal branches and leaves, causing dieback. Mated female mirids lay up to 60 eggs that are embedded in the bark of stems or inside the pod husk. Pests usually occur on trees exposed to sunlight since such trees tend to bear more fresh shoots and pods. Although the insect is attracted to trees exposed to sunlight, after locating their source of food they inhabit shady areas on trees. Some indigenous plants grown with cocoa have been identified as alternative hosts for some species of mirids.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-x9sm0-51cba88590dcb4d22f3f29d9db4a1fe5'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-34' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-34' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-34' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Resistant varieties\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Resistant varieties\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Resistant varieties\">Resistant varieties<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-34' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-34' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Some clones with low water content in their stems are unattractive to mirids. Preliminary laboratory and field screening of cocoa genotypes have identified locally available genotypes in West African countries as well as international clones which are less preferred by mirids.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-qu7f4-b5b02a2ab18fd1a87361adb5071e07f8'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-35' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-35' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-35' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Pesticides\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Pesticides\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Pesticides\">Pesticides<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-35' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-35' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The use of organochlorine insecticide has proved to be effective in Ghana. The current recommended insecticides are Imidacloprid, Actellic\/Talstar and Promecarb. Insecticides are applied as foliar spray four times per year at monthly intervals using motorized mist-blowing machines. An alternative approach is to apply two sprays of persistent or systemic insecticides a year on mature cocoa under closed canopy. Reduced insecticide use also allows populations of natural enemies to increase and provide a more suitable environment for biological control.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-jl0n4-ee2765da0fddcb5420b9aae3a053f653'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-36' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-36' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-36' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Cultural practices\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Cultural practices\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Cultural practices\">Cultural practices<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-36' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-36' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Shade and canopy management should be designed to achieve a balance between mirid control, flowering and black pod management. Alternative hosts should not be used as shade trees on cocoa farms.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-f0a34-cb2806a6087dec14a65a38d23bd7c28f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-37' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-37' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-37' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Biological control\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Biological control\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Biological control\">Biological control<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-37' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-37' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a key tool in controlling mirids. The black ant (Dolichoderus thoracicus) has been used in some farms as a control measure. Another ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) has also been used although this one can be aggressive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-7hpcg-b4253635f5c672cef616e966265cac4c'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-38' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-38' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-38' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Prospects\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Prospects\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Prospects\">Prospects<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-38' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-38' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Mirids are well known for their sporadic distribution, cryptic habits and highly damaging effects, which make them difficult and extremely important to control. The use of conventional insecticides has proved to be the most effective method of control in West African countries. Ghana is working on the development of comprehensive IPM strategies that could be adopted throughout the region.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-a2vk17-87d1a32673eb0739549a3128992f13e1\">\n.flex_column.av-a2vk17-87d1a32673eb0739549a3128992f13e1{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-a2vk17-87d1a32673eb0739549a3128992f13e1 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-31  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1e46uw-6df35c55911dcb9f3c713812d2f171cd\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-1e46uw-6df35c55911dcb9f3c713812d2f171cd{\npadding-bottom:10px;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-1e46uw-6df35c55911dcb9f3c713812d2f171cd .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1e46uw-6df35c55911dcb9f3c713812d2f171cd .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#ffffff;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1e46uw-6df35c55911dcb9f3c713812d2f171cd .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-1e46uw-6df35c55911dcb9f3c713812d2f171cd av-special-heading-h2 custom-color-heading  avia-builder-el-32  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Cocoa pod borer (CPB)<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-k2584p1r-9-428e668a1d461895ac69b7d138a7883e  avia-builder-el-33  el_after_av_heading  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1at0qg-0c01863a2cab4adf3b7d75cf4850851d'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-39' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-39' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-39' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"History, distribution and impact\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: History, distribution and impact\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: History, distribution and impact\">History, distribution and impact<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-39' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-39' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB), also known as Cocoa Moth, is caused by the insect Conopomorpha cramerella. It was first noted in 1841 as a serious threat, causing vast losses in the cocoa industry during the 1890s and 1900s. CPB now affects almost all cocoa producing provinces in Indonesia. By 2000, CPB had infested 60,000 ha, inflicting losses of US$ 40 million per year. The spread of CPB along with the decline in the price of cocoa led to decreases in production in Malaysia.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-11t15k-2f23aa4094cb17ea20a9ea85721290fc'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-40' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-40' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-40' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Symptoms, biology and ecology\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Symptoms, biology and ecology\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Symptoms, biology and ecology\">Symptoms, biology and ecology<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-40' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-40' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>CPB attacks both young and mature cocoa pods. A common symptom of infested pods is unevenness and premature ripening. Infestation of young pods results in heavy losses because the quantity and quality of the bean becomes seriously affected. A CPB moth is 7mm long and brown in colour with a white strip on the forewings. The female lives for about 5-7 days and lays 100-200 eggs on the surface of the cocoa pod. The larval period is about 14-18 days, then 5-8 days before hatching as a moth.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-yc83k-1637a79adbb283a564fe6269454a9471'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-41' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-41' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-41' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Resistant varieties\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Resistant varieties\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Resistant varieties\">Resistant varieties<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-41' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-41' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Efforts are focused on developing genotypes with harder walls in their pods. Higher mortality from larval instar is found in genotypes with either thicker or harder endocarp. Attempts are being made to screen selections for resistant material from the diversity of genotypes planted in Sulawesi.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-qv1ig-ec6f8be72b4514ff40ea0d919fdcb5e3'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-42' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-42' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-42' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Pesticides\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Pesticides\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Pesticides\">Pesticides<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-42' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-42' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Improved control using relatively small amounts of contact pyrethroid or carbamate insecticides, applied to the undersides of lower branches, keeps the CPB population below economic damage levels. However, this is used as a last resort due to the high cost of pesticides and the low prices of cocoa.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1vsts-621737f166df6314e55e32ccca95b84a'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-43' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-43' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-43' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Cultural practices\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Cultural practices\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Cultural practices\">Cultural practices<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-43' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-43' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Sanitation practices involving the complete harvesting of ripe or damaged pods, burying of pod husk, placenta, rotten pods and all harvest remains are recommended. Regular pruning of the cocoa canopy to less than 4 m in height is also good practice. Pod-sleeving with plastic bags also reduces attacks of CPB. Pods should be sleeved when they are about 8-10 cm long and the sleeves should be left throughout the pod maturation period.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-fwsm0-3f79527732cea09cb7bc53bd71c69b8e'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-44' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-44' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-44' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Biological control\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Biological control\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Biological control\">Biological control<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-44' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-44' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Ants such as the black ant (Dolichoderus thoracicus) and the weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) are recommended. The fungus Beauvaria bassiana has also been found to infect larvae and pupae, causing a 100% death rate. The use of traps with synthetic pheromones or female pod borer moths can control the attack if enough males are caught, thereby interrupting their reproduction cycle.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-10noo-0883bff6128a27c8aa4ac1b13055d58c'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-45' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-45' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-45' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Prospects\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Prospects\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Prospects\">Prospects<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-45' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-45' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cultural control is the most likely way of reducing CPB. This relies on the maintenance of well pruned trees kept to a height low enough to allow the collection of all pods. Long-term control may be improved by side-grafting or replanting with resistant clones. Biological control is another area that deserves more investigation, particularly into using biopesticides and natural enemies.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-d6u7ff-23-d86b260029fa3ba298d4722015a0e06e\">\n.avia-section.av-d6u7ff-23-d86b260029fa3ba298d4722015a0e06e .av-section-color-overlay{\nopacity:0.3;\nbackground-image:url(http:\/\/icco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/cocoa-pattern-2.png);\nbackground-repeat:repeat;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_5'  class='avia-section av-d6u7ff-23-d86b260029fa3ba298d4722015a0e06e main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-34  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-bg-style-scroll av-section-color-overlay-active av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-custom av-height-custom  container_wrap sidebar_right'   data-av_minimum_height_px='100'><div class=\"av-section-color-overlay-wrap\"><div class=\"av-section-color-overlay\"><\/div><div class='container av-section-cont-open' style='height:100px'><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-312'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-12w9yc-c56c836b0216051ca118e88142b8f617 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-35  el_after_av_section  avia-builder-el-last  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap sidebar_right'  >\n<div class='flex_cell av-xuqgk-cf77c85705973bb747cb8444204faf1d av-gridrow-cell av_one_full no_margin  avia-builder-el-36  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k259dhj9-0ba2570dcc4b120a9d77a9aab6e2a230\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-k259dhj9-0ba2570dcc4b120a9d77a9aab6e2a230{\npadding-bottom:10px;\ncolor:#622812;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-k259dhj9-0ba2570dcc4b120a9d77a9aab6e2a230 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-k259dhj9-0ba2570dcc4b120a9d77a9aab6e2a230 .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#622812;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-k259dhj9-0ba2570dcc4b120a9d77a9aab6e2a230 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-k259dhj9-0ba2570dcc4b120a9d77a9aab6e2a230 av-special-heading-h2 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-37  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Links to Research Institutes<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6e81g-2ce8e65033ff2c0b3f09022fab6590b4\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-6e81g-2ce8e65033ff2c0b3f09022fab6590b4{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-6e81g-2ce8e65033ff2c0b3f09022fab6590b4 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-38  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_one_fifth '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-50vpj0-f567a3aeb9baaf1367ce931022b1be30 sc-av_one_fifth av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-50vpj0-f567a3aeb9baaf1367ce931022b1be30\">\n.flex_column.av-50vpj0-f567a3aeb9baaf1367ce931022b1be30{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-50vpj0-f567a3aeb9baaf1367ce931022b1be30 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-39  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_fifth  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-4pz6cs-e1303b90dafc923c8ffd1e0f2164d63a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a title=\"Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Brazil\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/agricultura\/pt-br\/assuntos\/ceplac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Brazil<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-50vpj0-8-5f2ac57d829a36ab8cb5f289088685aa\">\n.flex_column.av-50vpj0-8-5f2ac57d829a36ab8cb5f289088685aa{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-50vpj0-8-5f2ac57d829a36ab8cb5f289088685aa av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-41  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-4pz6cs-7-0bd204ae844d5180864d7df077e0ce3e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a title=\"Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques (CNRA), C\u00f4te d'Ivoire\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cnra.ci\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques (CNRA), C\u00f4te d&#8217;Ivoire<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-50vpj0-6-5783a9520c5f4112a3e6d99feec28ee5\">\n.flex_column.av-50vpj0-6-5783a9520c5f4112a3e6d99feec28ee5{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-50vpj0-6-5783a9520c5f4112a3e6d99feec28ee5 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-43  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-4pz6cs-5-e383848ba6f3e3936373e0016ce9fc69 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a title=\"Institut de Recherches Agronomiques pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRAD), Cameroon\" href=\"https:\/\/irad.cm\/index.php\/fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Institut de Recherches Agronomiques pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRAD), Cameroon<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-50vpj0-4-c3e8177a5aab9ba0b24d2150f24f3397\">\n.flex_column.av-50vpj0-4-c3e8177a5aab9ba0b24d2150f24f3397{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-50vpj0-4-c3e8177a5aab9ba0b24d2150f24f3397 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-45  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-4pz6cs-3-7ad2139ddeefcc02ba3d9aac99c341e1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a title=\"Malaysia Cocoa Board, Malaysia\" href=\"http:\/\/www.koko.gov.my\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malaysia Cocoa Board, Malaysia<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-50vpj0-2-c23d59532bde6d9100c737d5474be643\">\n.flex_column.av-50vpj0-2-c23d59532bde6d9100c737d5474be643{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-50vpj0-2-c23d59532bde6d9100c737d5474be643 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-47  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-4pz6cs-1-f99bc4671d857695fed267d2d8ead108 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a title=\"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agr\u00edcolas (INIA), Venezuela\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inia.gov.ve\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agr\u00edcolas (INIA), Venezuela<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. 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